Chemical changes to leaf litter from trees grown under elevated CO2 and the implications for microbial utilization in a stream ecosystem
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چکیده
Chemical alterations to leaf litter associated with growth under elevated CO2 may impact aquatic ecosystems that rely on terrestrial leaf litter as a carbon source. This study examined how elevated CO2 altered the chemistry and subsequent response of stream microorganisms growing on the leaf litter of three riparian tree species. Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), white willow (Salix alba), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) were grown under ambient (360 parts per million) and elevated (720 parts per million) CO2 for an entire growing season and senesced leaf litter was incubated in a stream for 80 days. Elevated-CO2 effects on the chemistry of senesced litter were species-specific. Aspen leaves contained higher concentrations of lignin, maple leaves contained higher concentrations of soluble phenolic compounds, and willow leaves contained higher concentrations of carbohydrate-bound condensed tannins. Initially higher concentrations of soluble phenolic compounds in maple leaves were rapidly leached in stream water. However, higher concentrations of carbohydrate-bound tannins in elevated-CO2-grown willow leaves persisted and were correlated with reduced phenol oxidase activities of attached microbiota. Overall, altered leaf chemistry associated with growth under elevated CO2 did not strongly suppress microbial activity during stream incubation. In cases where there was evidence of suppression, it was largely species-specific. Résumé : L’altération chimique de la litière de feuilles dans des conditions de croissance sous des concentrations élevées de CO2 peut affecter les écosystèmes aquatiques qui dépendent de l’apport de litière de feuilles terrestres comme d’une de leurs sources de carbone. Notre étude examine comment un accroissement du CO2 modifie les réactions chimiques et, par conséquent, les réactions des microorganismes d’eau courante qui se développent sur la litière de feuilles de trois espèces d’arbres riverains. Nous avons cultivé des peupliers faux-trembles (Populus tremuloides), des saules blancs (Salix alba) et des érables à sucre (Acer saccharum) dans des conditions de CO2 ambiant (360 parties par million) et dans des conditions élevées (720 parties par million) durant une saison entière de croissance; nous avons ensuite incubé la litière parvenue à l’état sénescent dans un cours d’eau pendant 80 jours. Les effets de l’augmentation du CO2 sur la chimie de la litière sénescente varient d’une espèce à l’autre. Les feuilles de tremble contiennent plus de lignine, celles d’érable des concentrations plus élevées de composés phénoliques solubles et celles de saule des teneurs plus grandes de tanins condensés liés aux hydrates de carbone. Les concentrations initiales plus fortes de composés phénoliques solubles dans les feuilles d’érable sont vite lessivées dans l’eau de cours d’eau. Cependant, les concentrations plus grandes de tanins liés aux hydrates de carbone dans les feuilles de saules cultivés dans des conditions élevées de CO2 se maintiennent et sont en corrélation avec l’activité réduite de la phénol oxydase dans les microorganismes qui leur sont associés. En général, la modification de la chimie des feuilles dans les conditions de croissance sous des concentrations élevées de CO2 ne diminue pas de façon importante l’activité microbienne durant l’incubation dans un cours d’eau. Dans les cas où il y a des indices d’une diminution, cette diminution varie en grande partie d’une espèce à l’autre. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Rier et al. 194 Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 62: 185–194 (2005) doi: 10.1139/F04-148 © 2005 NRC Canada 185 Received 8 February 2004. Accepted 12 November 2004. Published on the NRC Research Press Web site at http://cjfas.nrc.ca on 9 March 2005. J17958 S.T. Rier1,2 and N.C. Tuchman. Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 6525 North Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL 60626, USA, and The University of Michigan Biological Station, Pellston, MI 49769, USA. R.G. Wetzel. Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. 1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]). 2Present address: Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Hartline Science Center, Bloomsburg University, 400 East 2nd Street, Bloomsburg, PA 17815, USA.
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